# selfh.st self-hosting survey 2023–2025 — tables

Generated by `tables.py` from the files `fetch.py` downloads. Do not edit by hand.

| Year | Respondents | Results page | Data file |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 1,869 | https://selfh.st/survey/2023-results/ | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selfhst/cdn/main/assets/surveys/annual/2023-results.json |
| 2024 | 3,655 | https://selfh.st/survey/2024-results/ | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selfhst/cdn/main/assets/surveys/annual/2024-results.json |
| 2025 | 4,081 | https://selfh.st/survey/2025-results/ | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selfhst/cdn/main/assets/surveys/annual/2025-results.json |

Values are **% of the year's respondents** (multi-select: a column can pass 100 %).
Charts marked *single-choice* show **% of the column sum** instead.
`2025 n` is the raw 2025 response count. `–` = not asked that year (or not matched).

## T1. Primary Purpose

Titles — 2023: Do you self-host for personal or enterprise purposes? · 2024: Do you self-host for personal or enterprise purposes? · 2025: Primary Purpose

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Personal | 83.4 | 83.1 | 83.7 | 3,417 |
| Both | 16.2 | 16.6 | 16.1 | 656 |
| Enterprise | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 8 |

## T2. Unique Users

Titles — 2023: Approximately how many unique users are registered across your applications? · 2024: Approximately how many unique users are registered across your applications? · 2025: Unique Users

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

Note: 2023 buckets 11-15 and 16-20 are kept apart; 2024/2025 ask 11-20.

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 user | 22.1 | 20.9 | 27.6 | 1,123 |
| 2 users | 23.1 | 25.5 | 21.0 | 854 |
| 3 users | 12.5 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 513 |
| 4 users | 10.3 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 401 |
| 5 users | 10.7 | 10.3 | 8.5 | 346 |
| 6 users | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.9 | 200 |
| 7 users | 1.6 | 1.8 | 4.2 | 171 |
| 8 users | 2.2 | 2.3 | 4.2 | 170 |
| 9 users | 0.5 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 109 |
| 10 users | 6.2 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 86 |
| 11-20 users | – | 4.9 | 1.9 | 77 |
| 21+ users | 2.1 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 19 |
| 11-15 users | 2.6 | – | – | – |
| 16-20 users | 2.0 | – | – | – |

## T3. Reasons for Self-Hosting

Titles — 2023: Why do you self-host? · 2024: Why do you self-host? · 2025: Reasons for Self-Hosting

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hobby | 95.5 | 94.8 | 94.6 | 3,862 |
| Privacy | 79.7 | 84.0 | 86.3 | 3,520 |
| Cost | 54.6 | 56.7 | 63.6 | 2,596 |
| Convenience | – | 55.0 | 63.3 | 2,584 |
| Education | 83.0 | 63.9 | 60.6 | 2,474 |
| Flexibility | 69.7 | 59.8 | 58.2 | 2,374 |
| Business | 12.5 | 8.7 | 12.9 | 525 |
| Other | 3.7 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 106 |

## T4. Hardware Options

Titles — 2023: Select the hardware option(s) used to deploy your self-hosted software. · 2024: Select the hardware option(s) used to deploy your self-hosted software. · 2025: Hardware Options

Note: 2023 'Custom-built', 'Enterprise', 'Mobile phone' matched to the 2024/2025 wording.

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consumer hardware | – | 45.8 | 57.8 | 2,358 |
| Low-powered device | 52.7 | 54.7 | 50.0 | 2,039 |
| Custom build | 43.8 | 35.5 | 37.8 | 1,542 |
| Cloud VPS | – | 2.7 | 34.2 | 1,394 |
| Desktop PC | 44.6 | 35.9 | 31.7 | 1,295 |
| Enterprise hardware | 26.1 | 22.5 | 20.0 | 817 |
| Server cluster | 15.8 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 560 |
| Laptop | 12.8 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 429 |
| Mobile device | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 94 |
| Other | 7.7 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 78 |

## T5. Network-Attached Storage

Titles — 2023: Do you deploy a network-attached storage device? · 2024: Do you deploy a network-attached storage device? · 2025: Network-Attached Storage

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deploy | 63.2 | 63.0 | 67.8 | 2,768 |
| Don't Deploy | 36.8 | 37.0 | 32.2 | 1,313 |

## T6. Sensitive Data

Titles — 2023: Do you avoid self-hosting sensitive or important data? · 2024: Do you avoid self-hosting sensitive or important data? · 2025: Sensitive Data

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Don't Avoid | 77.2 | 82.8 | 82.7 | 3,373 |
| Avoid | 22.8 | 17.2 | 17.3 | 708 |

## T7. Operating Systems

Titles — 2023: Which operating system(s) are installed on your server(s)? · 2024: Which operating system(s) are installed on your server(s)? · 2025: Operating Systems

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | 79.5 | 86.7 | 81.3 | 3,317 |
| Proxmox | 38.2 | 43.2 | 44.9 | 1,832 |
| Home Assistant OS | – | 0.4 | 29.4 | 1,199 |
| Raspberry Pi OS | 29.6 | 27.1 | 24.0 | 979 |
| TrueNAS | 15.6 | 14.5 | 19.0 | 774 |
| Unraid | 10.3 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 412 |
| DiskStation Manager | – | 2.9 | 9.8 | 398 |
| Windows Desktop | 11.6 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 373 |
| Windows Server | 9.6 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 232 |
| BSD | 4.9 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 229 |
| Open Media Vault | – | 1.1 | 5.0 | 204 |
| macOS | 3.2 | 3.5 | 4.9 | 199 |
| ESXi | 5.4 | 3.1 | – | – |
| XCP-ng | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| Other | 9.4 | 2.0 | 8.3 | 340 |

## T8. Backup Strategies

Titles — 2024: Which backup strategies have you deployed for your self-hosted data? · 2025: Backup Strategies

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onsite | – | 79.2 | 74.8 | 3,054 |
| Cloud | – | 52.7 | 51.5 | 2,100 |
| Offsite | – | 23.6 | 25.2 | 1,029 |
| None | – | 6.2 | 13.3 | 542 |
| Other | – | – | 1.2 | 51 |

## T9. Cloud Storage Providers

Titles — 2023: Which cloud storage service(s) are you subscribed to for backups? · 2024: Which cloud storage service(s) are you subscribed to for backups? · 2025: Cloud Storage Providers

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Backblaze | 15.4 | 16.2 | 15.0 | 613 |
| Google Drive | 11.7 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 514 |
| Hetzner | – | 5.1 | 9.1 | 371 |
| Microsoft OneDrive | 6.5 | 8.5 | 6.8 | 277 |
| iCloud | – | 4.8 | 5.3 | 215 |
| Proton Drive | – | 1.3 | 4.0 | 165 |
| Dropbox | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 96 |
| Cloudflare R2 | – | 0.6 | 1.7 | 70 |
| BorgBase | – | 2.1 | 1.7 | 68 |
| Mega | 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 63 |
| pCloud | – | 0.8 | 1.2 | 51 |
| iDrive | – | 0.9 | – | – |
| Storj | – | 0.7 | – | – |
| Veeam | – | 0.7 | – | – |
| Box | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| CrashPlan | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| Wasabi | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| Amazon S3 | 4.5 | – | – | – |
| Other | 18.0 | 6.3 | 23.1 | 942 |

## T10. Container Population

Titles — 2023: Do you use containers to deploy self-hosted software? · 2024: Do you use containers to deploy self-hosted software? · 2025: Container Population

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deploy | 94.3 | 95.8 | 96.3 | 3,932 |
| Don't Deploy | 5.7 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 149 |

## T11. Containers vs Bare Metal

Titles — 2023: Do you prefer container installations to bare metal? · 2024: Do you prefer container installations to bare metal? · 2025: Containers vs Bare Metal

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

Note: 2025 added a third answer (Depends); 2024 and 2025 asked only container users.

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Containers | 79.5 | 88.1 | 69.1 | 2,720 |
| Depends | – | – | 26.5 | 1,041 |
| Bare Metal | 20.5 | 11.9 | 4.4 | 174 |

## T12. Container Orchestration

Titles — 2024: Do you use an orchestration platform to deploy containers? · 2025: Container Orchestration

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | – | 75.0 | 76.9 | 3,024 |
| Yes | – | 25.0 | 23.1 | 910 |

## T13. Container Platforms

Titles — 2023: Which container platform(s) do you use for deployment? · 2024: Which container platform(s) do you use for deployment? · 2025: Container Platforms

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Docker | 89.8 | 89.5 | 89.1 | 3,637 |
| LXC | 27.3 | 29.1 | 30.8 | 1,256 |
| Podman | 9.8 | 10.1 | 10.9 | 446 |
| Other | 4.8 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 142 |

## T14. Management Software

Titles — 2023: Do you deploy management software to administer your containers? · 2024: Do you deploy management software to administer your containers? · 2025: Management Software

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use | 49.7 | 54.6 | 51.5 | 2,022 |
| Don't Use | 50.3 | 45.4 | 48.5 | 1,908 |

## T15. Management Platforms

Titles — 2025: Management Platforms

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portainer | – | – | 32.7 | 1,336 |
| Dockge | – | – | 10.4 | 425 |
| Komodo | – | – | 7.5 | 308 |
| Coolify | – | – | 1.5 | 60 |
| Other | – | – | 9.4 | 385 |

## T16. Update Methodology

Titles — 2023: How do you manage container updates? · 2024: How do you manage container updates? · 2025: Update Methodology

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

Note: 2025 was deployed as multi-select by mistake (column sum 4,113 > 3,930 asked).

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manual | 58.1 | 54.1 | 45.1 | 1,855 |
| Depends / Both | – | 29.2 | 40.3 | 1,658 |
| Automatic | 41.9 | 16.7 | 14.6 | 600 |

## T17. Firewalls

Titles — 2023: Do you deploy a firewall aside from the router provided by your ISP? · 2024: Do you deploy a firewall aside from the router provided by your ISP? · 2025: Firewalls

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-ISP | 55.9 | 51.7 | 58.7 | 2,393 |
| ISP | 44.1 | 48.3 | 41.3 | 1,686 |

## T18. Remote Access

Titles — 2023: How do you access your self-hosted software remotely? · 2024: How do you access your self-hosted software remotely? · 2025: Remote Access

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VPN | 68.2 | 77.0 | 71.1 | 2,902 |
| Reverse Proxy | 65.9 | 62.9 | 66.6 | 2,716 |
| Forwarded Ports | – | 23.0 | 17.7 | 721 |
| Only via LAN | 17.5 | 14.2 | 12.5 | 510 |
| Other | – | 0.5 | 6.7 | 273 |

## T19. Reverse Proxies

Titles — 2023: Which web server(s) do you deploy for proxied services? · 2024: Which web server(s) do you deploy for proxied services? · 2025: Reverse Proxies

Merged spelling/case variants: 2023 'Nginx' = 'NGINX'

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NGINX Proxy Manager | – | 31.1 | 20.6 | 842 |
| Traefik | 21.3 | 24.1 | 18.4 | 751 |
| Caddy | 10.9 | 18.1 | 14.7 | 598 |
| Cloudflare Tunnels | 17.1 | 19.3 | 13.8 | 563 |
| NGINX | 50.1 | 28.3 | 12.9 | 528 |
| Pangolin | – | – | 7.1 | 290 |
| HAProxy | 5.4 | 5.0 | 3.1 | 128 |
| Apache | 6.6 | 8.5 | 2.4 | 97 |
| SWAG | – | 4.2 | 2.3 | 95 |
| Zoraxy | – | 0.7 | – | – |
| Other | 4.0 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 131 |

## T20. Registered Domains

Titles — 2023: Do you utilize a custom domain for your self-hosted applications? · 2024: Do you utilize a custom domain for your self-hosted applications? · 2025: Registered Domains

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Custom Domain | 85.7 | 88.8 | 87.9 | 3,586 |
| No Domain | 14.3 | 11.2 | 12.1 | 495 |

## T21. Domain Registrars

Titles — 2023: Which registrar(s) do you purchase or lease your custom domains from? · 2024: Which registrar(s) do you purchase or lease your custom domains from? · 2025: Domain Registrars

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloudflare | 19.1 | 30.3 | 34.9 | 1,423 |
| Namecheap | 13.1 | 18.5 | 16.0 | 651 |
| Porkbun | 6.8 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 523 |
| OVH | 3.0 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 246 |
| GoDaddy | 2.5 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 124 |
| DuckDNS | 1.4 | 5.3 | 2.8 | 113 |
| Squarespace | – | – | 2.4 | 97 |
| Netcup | – | 1.8 | 2.1 | 85 |
| IONOS | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 84 |
| Hetzner | 0.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 82 |
| Gandi | 2.0 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 62 |
| Strato | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 57 |
| Google Domains | 4.3 | 3.3 | – | – |
| Hover | 0.9 | 1.2 | – | – |
| INWX | 0.7 | 1.1 | – | – |
| NameSilo | 0.8 | 1.0 | – | – |
| DreamHost | – | 0.7 | – | – |
| Other | 15.3 | 17.8 | 21.1 | 863 |

## T22. E-mail

Titles — 2023: Are you self-hosting any components of an e-mail server? · 2024: Are you self-hosting any components of an e-mail server? · 2025: E-mail

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Don't Self-Host | 85.7 | 83.8 | 86.2 | 3,516 |
| Self-Host | 14.3 | 16.2 | 13.8 | 562 |

## T23. E-mail Components

Titles — 2024: Which e-mail server components are you self-hosting? · 2025: E-mail Components

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sending | – | 14.6 | 11.8 | 482 |
| Receiving | – | 13.4 | 11.5 | 469 |
| Client | – | 9.7 | 8.1 | 331 |

## T24. Database Deployment

Titles — 2023: How do you deploy databases for self-hosted applications? · 2024: How do you deploy databases for self-hosted applications? · 2025: Database Deployment

Note: Single-choice in 2023/2024, multi-select in 2025 (sum 5,004): % of respondents.

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Container (Separate) | 62.1 | 70.8 | 84.0 | 3,430 |
| Container (Shared) | 15.7 | 15.1 | 21.6 | 883 |
| Bare Metal (Shared) | 6.7 | 7.6 | 8.6 | 349 |
| Bare Metal (Separate) | 9.3 | 6.5 | 8.4 | 342 |

## T25. Media Streaming

Titles — 2023: Which of the platforms below do you deploy to stream media content? · 2024: Which of the platforms below do you deploy to stream media content? · 2025: Media Streaming

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jellyfin | 46.1 | 53.9 | 60.9 | 2,487 |
| Plex | 39.5 | 35.0 | 29.9 | 1,219 |
| AudioBookshelf | – | 18.4 | 20.6 | 840 |
| Navidrome | – | 13.6 | 16.1 | 656 |
| Kodi | 6.5 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 237 |
| Emby | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 149 |
| Subsonic | – | 2.7 | 2.0 | 81 |
| PeerTube | – | 2.1 | 1.8 | 74 |
| Lightweight Music Server | – | 0.8 | – | – |
| Ampache | – | 0.6 | – | – |
| Other | 6.7 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 268 |

## T26. File Storage and Syncing

Titles — 2024: Which of the platforms below do you deploy for remote file storage, access, or syncing? · 2025: File Storage and Syncing

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nextcloud | – | 35.8 | 30.3 | 1,236 |
| Syncthing | – | 29.5 | 25.9 | 1,058 |
| Synology | – | 2.8 | 13.5 | 550 |
| FileBrowser | – | 13.5 | 11.8 | 481 |
| FileBrowser Quantum | – | – | 5.1 | 207 |
| Seafile | – | 3.2 | 2.9 | 118 |
| SFTPGo | – | 0.6 | 2.2 | 90 |
| ownCloud | – | 2.3 | 2.0 | 83 |
| Resilio | – | 0.5 | 1.3 | 53 |
| FileStash | – | 0.8 | – | – |
| FileRun | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| Other | – | 5.3 | 12.0 | 488 |

## T27. Authentication

Titles — 2025: Authentication

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authelia | – | – | 9.6 | 390 |
| Pocket ID | – | – | 7.6 | 310 |
| authentik | – | – | 6.6 | 268 |
| Pangolin | – | – | 5.9 | 241 |
| Keycloak | – | – | 3.9 | 158 |
| Tinyauth | – | – | 2.7 | 111 |
| Zitadel | – | – | 1.1 | 46 |
| Other | – | – | 18.1 | 737 |

## T28. Note-Taking / Documentation

Titles — 2024: Which of the platforms below do you deploy for documentation or note-taking? · 2025: Note-Taking / Documentation

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obsidian | – | 18.8 | 25.5 | 1,041 |
| Nextcloud Notes | – | 10.4 | 7.9 | 321 |
| BookStack | – | 11.1 | 7.4 | 303 |
| Joplin | – | 8.2 | 6.6 | 268 |
| Trilium | – | 5.1 | 4.5 | 182 |
| Memos | – | 4.9 | 4.1 | 167 |
| Wiki.js | – | 5.8 | 3.8 | 156 |
| Docmost | – | 2.1 | 3.5 | 141 |
| Outline | – | 3.1 | 3.2 | 132 |
| AFFiNE | – | 1.5 | 2.5 | 101 |
| SilverBullet | – | 1.7 | 2.4 | 99 |
| DokuWiki | – | 3.5 | 2.3 | 93 |
| Logseq | – | 3.1 | 2.2 | 89 |
| MkDocs | – | 0.5 | 1.8 | 75 |
| HedgeDoc | – | 1.9 | – | – |
| StandardNotes | – | 1.0 | – | – |
| AppFlowy | – | 0.9 | – | – |
| AnyType | – | 0.9 | – | – |
| Docusaurus | – | 0.9 | – | – |
| TiddlyWiki | – | 0.8 | – | – |
| MediaWiki | – | 0.6 | – | – |
| SiYuan | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| FlatNotes | – | 0.4 | – | – |
| XWiki | – | 0.3 | – | – |
| Other | – | 3.4 | 13.9 | 568 |

## T29. Git

Titles — 2025: Git

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gitea | – | – | 20.8 | 849 |
| Forgejo | – | – | 15.0 | 613 |
| GitLab | – | – | 7.4 | 302 |
| Gogs | – | – | 0.4 | 18 |
| Other | – | – | 2.5 | 101 |

## T30. Home Automation

Titles — 2023: Do you deploy any self-hosted software for smart home or home automation purposes? · 2024: Do you deploy any self-hosted software for smart home or home automation purposes? · 2025: Home Automation

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deploy | 56.5 | 59.8 | 62.7 | 2,548 |
| Don't Deploy | 43.5 | 40.2 | 37.3 | 1,516 |

## T31. Game Servers

Titles — 2023: Are you self-hosting any game servers? · 2024: Are you self-hosting any game servers? · 2025: Game Servers

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Don't Host | 62.8 | 67.6 | 67.8 | 2,765 |
| Host | 37.2 | 32.4 | 32.2 | 1,316 |

## T32. Games

Titles — 2024: List the games you're deploying a game server for. · 2025: Games

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minecraft | – | 24.9 | 25.5 | 1,041 |
| Valheim | – | 3.3 | 5.2 | 214 |
| Satisfactory | – | 4.3 | 5.2 | 212 |
| Factorio | – | 3.2 | 5.1 | 208 |
| Terraria | – | 2.1 | 4.0 | 163 |
| Palworld | – | 2.1 | 3.2 | 131 |
| Foundry VTT | – | 0.4 | 2.6 | 107 |
| Project Zomboid | – | 1.1 | 2.1 | 84 |
| 7 Days to Die | – | 1.1 | 1.7 | 69 |
| ARK | – | 0.9 | 1.7 | 68 |
| V Rising | – | 0.8 | 1.6 | 66 |
| Counter-Strike | – | 0.9 | 1.5 | 60 |
| Space Engineers | – | 0.5 | 1.3 | 53 |
| Arma | – | 0.9 | – | – |
| Minetest | – | 0.6 | – | – |
| Enshrouded | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| Assetto Corsa | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| Vintage Story | – | 0.3 | – | – |
| Other | – | 7.9 | 7.7 | 315 |

## T33. Favorite Software

Titles — 2023: What is your favorite self-hosted application? · 2024: What is your favorite self-hosted application? · 2025: Favorite Software

Note: One answer per person, open text; each year omits small counts, so % is of all respondents. 2023 'Paperless' matched to 'Paperless-ngx'; 2024 'Trilum' read as Trilium.

Merged spelling/case variants: 2024 'AudioBookshelf' = 'Audiobookshelf'; 2024 'Pi-Hole' = 'Pi-hole'

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Assistant | 12.4 | 12.6 | 14.4 | 588 |
| Jellyfin | 10.4 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 522 |
| Immich | 2.2 | 7.5 | 10.5 | 429 |
| Plex | 8.9 | 8.8 | 5.1 | 208 |
| Vaultwarden | 7.9 | 5.8 | 3.7 | 152 |
| Nextcloud | 7.7 | 4.6 | 2.9 | 118 |
| Audiobookshelf | 1.1 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 94 |
| Paperless-ngx | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 85 |
| *arr | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 81 |
| FreshRSS | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 52 |
| Pi-hole | 2.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 50 |
| Actual Budget | – | 0.8 | 1.0 | 42 |
| Navidrome | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 41 |
| RomM | – | – | 1.0 | 41 |
| Syncthing | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 32 |
| Homepage | – | 0.9 | 0.7 | 29 |
| Mealie | – | 0.6 | 0.7 | 29 |
| n8n | – | 0.4 | 0.7 | 29 |
| Gitea | 2.0 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 28 |
| Miniflux | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 27 |
| Emby | – | 0.7 | 0.6 | 26 |
| Proxmox | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 25 |
| Pangolin | – | – | 0.6 | 25 |
| Glance | – | – | 0.6 | 24 |
| Karakeep | – | – | 0.5 | 22 |
| Komodo | – | – | 0.5 | 22 |
| AdGuard Home | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 20 |
| Forgejo | – | 0.9 | – | – |
| Authentik | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| GitLab | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| Matrix | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| Firefly III | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| Uptime Kuma | – | 0.4 | – | – |
| Frigate NVR | – | 0.4 | – | – |
| Tiny Tiny RSS | – | 0.4 | – | – |
| Trilium | – | 0.4 | – | – |
| BookStack | 0.8 | – | – | – |
| Portainer | 0.7 | – | – | – |
| Grafana | 0.6 | – | – | – |
| Authelia | 0.6 | – | – | – |

## T34. Age Range

Titles — 2023: What is your age range? · 2024: What is your age range? · 2025: Age Range

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

Note: 2023/2024 bucket 10-19 matched to 2025 12-19.

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30-39 years-old | 37.5 | 38.3 | 37.8 | 1,532 |
| 20-29 years-old | 34.8 | 31.5 | 29.9 | 1,210 |
| 40-49 years-old | 16.7 | 19.5 | 20.8 | 844 |
| 50-59 years-old | 4.6 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 287 |
| 12-19 years-old | 5.8 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 125 |
| 60-69 years-old | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 53 |

## T35. Gender

Titles — 2023: What is your gender? · 2024: What is your gender? · 2025: Gender

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 96.2 | 95.6 | 95.6 | 3,839 |
| Female | 2.5 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 77 |
| Non-Binary | – | 1.8 | 1.9 | 77 |
| Other | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 21 |

## T36. Career Field

Titles — 2023: If employed, do you work in a technical field? · 2024: If employed, do you work in a technical field? · 2025: Career Field

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Technology | 79.2 | 81.8 | 80.6 | 3,227 |
| Non-Technology | 20.8 | 18.2 | 19.4 | 778 |

## T37. Mobile OS

Titles — 2023: What is your primary mobile device's operating system? · 2024: What is your primary mobile device's operating system? · 2025: Mobile OS

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Android | 70.5 | 67.0 | 66.7 | 2,715 |
| iOS | 28.1 | 31.6 | 31.8 | 1,295 |
| GrapheneOS | – | 0.7 | – | – |
| Other | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 62 |

## T38. Donations

Titles — 2023: Have you donated to a self-hosted project in the last year? · 2024: Have you donated to a self-hosted project in the last year? · 2025: Donations

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haven't Donated | 61.8 | 60.0 | 59.1 | 2,393 |
| Donated | 31.9 | 40.0 | 40.9 | 1,657 |
| Prefer not to answer | 6.3 | – | – | – |

## T39. Education

Titles — 2023: What is the highest level of education you have completed? · 2024: What is the highest level of education you have completed? · 2025: Education

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bachelor's Degree | 40.3 | 39.0 | 40.7 | 1,607 |
| Master's Degree | 19.7 | 21.6 | 22.6 | 893 |
| Some college | 17.3 | 15.9 | 16.6 | 655 |
| HS Diploma / GED | 12.3 | 11.7 | 7.4 | 293 |
| Associate's Degree | 1.5 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 221 |
| Doctorate | 2.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 122 |
| No formal schooling | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 109 |
| VoTech Program | 5.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 46 |

# Unmatched charts (asked in 2023 and/or 2024, no same question in 2025)

## T40. Are you utilizing hosted cloud storage for offsite backups?

Titles — 2023: Are you utilizing hosted cloud storage for offsite backups?

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | 53.9 | – | – | – |
| Yes | 46.1 | – | – | – |

## T41. Do you deploy Kubernetes to manage your self-hosted software?

Titles — 2023: Do you deploy Kubernetes to manage your self-hosted software?

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | 89.6 | – | – | – |
| Yes | 10.4 | – | – | – |

## T42. Do you deploy any self-hosted software for purposes related to media streaming?

Titles — 2023: Do you deploy any self-hosted software for purposes related to media streaming?

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | 81.6 | – | – | – |
| No | 18.4 | – | – | – |

## T43. Which smart home communication standards and protocols are you utilizing in your self-hosted ecosystem?

Titles — 2024: Which smart home communication standards and protocols are you utilizing in your self-hosted ecosystem?

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WiFi | – | 52.1 | – | – |
| Zigbee | – | 38.5 | – | – |
| MQTT | – | 32.7 | – | – |
| Bluetooth | – | 22.7 | – | – |
| ESP | – | 19.5 | – | – |
| Z-Wave | – | 12.0 | – | – |
| Matter | – | 9.9 | – | – |
| NFC | – | 7.4 | – | – |
| Thread | – | 6.2 | – | – |
| Other | – | 0.6 | – | – |

## T44. Do you deploy any self-hosted ActivityPub platforms?

Titles — 2024: Do you deploy any self-hosted ActivityPub platforms?

*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | – | 90.2 | – | – |
| Yes | – | 9.8 | – | – |

## T45. Which ActivityPub platform(s) do you deploy?

Titles — 2024: Which ActivityPub platform(s) do you deploy?

| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mastodon | – | 3.2 | – | – |
| PeerTube | – | 1.1 | – | – |
| Lemmy | – | 1.0 | – | – |
| GoToSocial | – | 0.7 | – | – |
| Pixelfed | – | 0.5 | – | – |
| Akkoma | – | 0.2 | – | – |
| Other | – | 1.3 | – | – |