Audit: selfh.st survey 2023-2025 read against Felhom; R-989 filed

Read-only. fetch.py + tables.py (stdlib), TABLE.md (45 charts, % of respondents), FELHOM.md (apps, features, reasons, hardware, trends, ten ranked recommendations), METHOD.md (hashes, counts, matching, MIT licence, limits). Survey files are not committed. One register row (R-989) and one STATUS line ask the operator to rule on the recommendations.
2026-10-12 22:09:10 +02:00
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+# selfh.st survey 2023–2025 — what it means for Felhom
+
+Read-only, 2026-10-12. Numbers are **% of the year's respondents** (2023: 1,869 · 2024: 3,655 · 2025: 4,081),
+from `TABLE.md` section **T*n***; each section cites its year's URL. The crowd is hobby users, not households
+(`METHOD.md` limits). Catalog = the 62 template folders of `app-catalog-felhom.eu/templates/` at `cb4ececf1f`.
+
+## 1. Apps (2025 Software charts + Favorite Software)
+
+`✓ name` = we ship that template · `✗` = we do not · `n/a` = not a server app a household box would run.
+
+| App | 2025 % | Source | Catalog |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Home Assistant | 62.7 deploy · 14.4 fav | T30, T33 | ✓ home-assistant |
+| Jellyfin | 60.9 · 12.8 fav | T25, T33 | ✓ jellyfin |
+| Nextcloud (+ Nextcloud Notes 7.9) | 30.3 · 2.9 fav | T26, T28, T33 | ✓ nextcloud |
+| Plex | 29.9 · 5.1 fav | T25, T33 | ✓ plex |
+| Syncthing | 25.9 · 0.8 fav | T26, T33 | ✗ |
+| Obsidian | 25.5 | T28 | n/a (desktop app; its sync server is a separate project) |
+| Minecraft (game server) | 25.5 | T32 | ✓ crafty-controller |
+| Gitea | 20.8 · 0.7 fav | T29, T33 | ✓ gitea |
+| AudioBookshelf | 20.6 · 2.3 fav | T25, T33 | ✓ audiobookshelf |
+| Navidrome | 16.1 · 1.0 fav | T25, T33 | ✓ navidrome |
+| Forgejo | 15.0 | T29 | ✗ |
+| Synology | 13.5 | T26 | n/a (NAS product) |
+| FileBrowser / FileBrowser Quantum | 11.8 / 5.1 | T26 | built into every box (not a template; R-917 row text) |
+| Immich | 10.5 fav | T33 | ✓ immich |
+| Authelia | 9.6 | T27 | ✗ |
+| Pocket ID | 7.6 | T27 | ✗ |
+| BookStack | 7.4 | T28 | ✓ bookstack |
+| GitLab | 7.4 | T29 | ✗ |
+| authentik | 6.6 | T27 | ✗ |
+| Joplin | 6.6 | T28 | ✗ |
+| Pangolin | 5.9 auth · 7.1 proxy · 0.6 fav | T27, T19, T33 | ✗ (tunnel/proxy; Felhom has its own) |
+| Kodi | 5.8 | T25 | n/a (player, not a server) |
+| Trilium · Memos · Wiki.js | 4.5 · 4.1 · 3.8 | T28 | ✗ |
+| Keycloak · Tinyauth · Zitadel | 3.9 · 2.7 · 1.1 | T27 | ✗ |
+| Emby | 3.7 · 0.6 fav | T25, T33 | ✓ emby |
+| Docmost · Outline | 3.5 · 3.2 | T28 | ✓ docmost · ✓ outline |
+| Vaultwarden | 3.7 fav | T33 | ✓ vaultwarden |
+| Seafile · AFFiNE · SilverBullet · DokuWiki · Logseq | 2.9 · 2.5 · 2.4 · 2.3 · 2.2 | T26, T28 | ✗ |
+| SFTPGo · ownCloud · Subsonic · PeerTube · MkDocs · Resilio · Gogs | 2.2 · 2.0 · 2.0 · 1.8 · 1.8 · 1.3 · 0.4 | T25, T26, T28, T29 | ✗ |
+| Paperless-ngx | 2.1 fav | T33 | ✓ paperless-ngx |
+| *arr | 2.0 fav | T33 | ✓ radarr, ✓ sonarr (others ✗) |
+| FreshRSS · Pi-hole · Miniflux · AdGuard Home | 1.3 · 1.2 · 0.7 · 0.5 fav | T33 | ✗ |
+| Actual Budget · RomM · Mealie · n8n · Homepage · Glance · Karakeep | 1.0 · 1.0 · 0.7 · 0.7 · 0.7 · 0.6 · 0.5 fav | T33 | ✓ actualbudget, romm, mealie, n8n, homepage, glance, karakeep |
+| Proxmox · Komodo | 0.6 · 0.5 fav | T33 | n/a (host OS / container manager — Felhom's own role) |
+
+**Catalog gap — above 5 %, not shipped, a server app:** Syncthing 25.9 (T26) · Forgejo 15.0 (T29) ·
+Authelia 9.6, Pocket ID 7.6, authentik 6.6 (T27, sign-on layers) · GitLab 7.4 (T29) · Joplin server 6.6 (T28) ·
+Pangolin 5.9 (T27; a tunnel, overlaps Felhom's own). Nothing was added.
+
+## 2. Our features against what people do
+
+| Area | Crowd, 2025 | Felhom | Source |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Backup | Onsite 74.8, cloud 51.5, **offsite 25.2, none 13.3** | three automatic nightly tiers (on-drive, second drive, encrypted off-site to a Hetzner Storage Box) + whole-guest copies, local daily and off-site weekly — **a selling point: only 1 in 4 does off-site** | T8; `07-backup-architecture.md` :373-382 |
+| Backup cloud | Backblaze 15.0, Google Drive 12.6, **Hetzner 9.1 (rising)** | Hetzner Storage Box | T9; `07` :379 |
+| Remote access | VPN 71.1, reverse proxy 66.6, forwarded ports 17.7 | Cloudflare Tunnel, no open port, no customer VPN; TLS ends at Cloudflare (R-904 deferred) | T18; `01-topology-and-trust.md` :202-210 |
+| Reverse proxy | NPM 20.6, **Traefik 18.4**, Caddy 14.7, CF Tunnels 13.8 | Traefik behind the tunnel | T19; `01` :113, :143-145 |
+| Domain | 87.9 have their own | every customer has their own domain | T20; `01` :210 |
+| OS | Linux 81.3, **Proxmox 44.9**, HA OS 29.4 | Proxmox host + one Debian LXC + Docker | T7; `01` :56-59 |
+| Containers | 96.3 use them, Docker 89.1 | Docker inside the guest | T10, T13 |
+| App updates | **manual 45.1**, both 40.3, automatic 14.6 | automatic, watched — **a selling point** | T16; `website/index.html` :156 |
+| Container manager | 51.5 use one (Portainer 32.7) | the Felhom dashboard does this job | T14, T15 |
+| NAS | 67.8 run one | NAS as extra storage (FAQ), SMB shares on the box | T5; `website/gyik.html` :77-80 |
+
+## 3. Reasons for self-hosting
+
+| Rank 2025 | Reason | 2023 → 2025 | Our pitch names it? |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 1 | Hobby | 95.5 → 94.6 | no — fine: a household that buys care is not tinkering |
+| 2 | Privacy | 79.7 → 86.3 | **yes** (`index.html` :233-234) |
+| 3 | Cost | 54.6 → 63.6 | **yes** (:229-230, no subscription) |
+| 4 | Convenience | – → 63.3 (2024: 55.0) | **yes** (:114-116, :213, :221) |
+| 5 | Education | 83.0 → 60.6 | no — fine, same reason as Hobby |
+| 6 | Flexibility | 69.7 → 58.2 | **yes** (:237-242, capacity and control) |
+| 7 | Business | 12.5 → 12.9 | home page no; `technologiak.html` rack setup only |
+
+Source T3. The pitch already names the four reasons a buyer can share. Caution: Convenience was added as an
+option in 2024; some of the 2023 Education/Flexibility votes may have moved to it.
+
+## 4. Hardware
+
+**No document states Felhom's supported hardware** (finding). What exists: FAQ advice (N100 mini PC, 16–32 GB,
+`website/gyik.html` :77-80; an old PC "often yes", :85-88), three example setups (`technologiak.html` :375-447),
+BYO Proxmox (`documentation/runbooks/day0-install.md` :18-21), and the installer ISO, which is x86_64-only
+(`scripts/iso/iso-repack.sh` :31; inferred — no document says it).
+
+| Crowd class (T4) | 2025 % | Felhom |
+|---|---|---|
+| Consumer hardware | 57.8 | in (mini PC is the recommendation) |
+| Low-powered device | 50.0 | **partly out** — x86 N100-class in; ARM boards out (Raspberry Pi OS is 24.0, T7) |
+| Custom build | 37.8 | in (tower example) |
+| Cloud VPS | 34.2 | **out** — not offered |
+| Desktop PC | 31.7 | in, case by case (FAQ :85-88) |
+| Enterprise hardware | 20.0 | in (rack example, "business") |
+| Server cluster | 13.7 | **out** — not documented; one host per household |
+| Laptop | 10.5 | not documented (a tester laptop exists, STATUS) |
+| Mobile device | 2.3 | **out** |
+
+## 5. Trends 2023 → 2025 that matter to Felhom (≥ 5 points)
+
+| Change | Points | Table |
+|---|---|---|
+| Cloud VPS as hosting hardware 2.7 → 34.2 (2024 → 2025; not asked 2023) — a 13× jump, may be a change in how the option was offered | +31.5 | T4 |
+| Home Assistant OS 0.4 → 29.4 (2024 → 2025); Home Assistant use 56.5 → 62.7 | +29.0 | T7, T30 |
+| Reasons move from learning to practical: Education −22.4, Flexibility −11.5, Cost +9.0, Privacy +6.6 | −22.4 … +9.0 | T3 |
+| Jellyfin 46.1 → 60.9, Plex 39.5 → 29.9; Immich as favourite 2.2 → 10.5 | +14.8 / −9.6 / +8.3 | T25, T33 |
+| Backup "None" 6.2 → 13.3 (2024 → 2025) | +7.1 | T8 |
+
+## 6. Recommendations (ranked; none acted on)
+
+1. Write one supported-hardware page: x86_64 only, minimum RAM and disk, no ARM, no cloud VPS, BYO Proxmox status — §4, T4.
+2. Put "off-site, encrypted, automatic backup" in the home page's *why* list, with the 1-in-4 figure — T8 Offsite 25.2.
+3. Consider Syncthing for the catalog (the largest gap, 25.9) — T26.
+4. Say in the FAQ what the catalog Home Assistant (container) lacks against Home Assistant OS (add-ons) — T7 HA OS 29.4, T30.
+5. Name automatic, watched app updates as a reason in the pitch — T16 Automatic 14.6.
+6. Use the privacy figure as input to R-904 (TLS ends at Cloudflare): privacy is reason 2 and rising — T3 Privacy 86.3, T18 VPN 71.1.
+7. Consider a Joplin server template for notes (Obsidian users need a separate sync) — T28 Joplin 6.6.
+8. Consider Forgejo beside Gitea (Forgejo 15.0 is the second git server after Gitea 20.8) — T29.
+9. Keep single sign-on (Authelia / Pocket ID / authentik) as a later idea; low household value today — T27.
+10. Do not chase Cloud VPS until the T4 jump is confirmed by the 2026 survey — T4 Cloud VPS 34.2.
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Method — selfh.st survey read, 2026-10-12
+
+**Fetched** 2026-10-12 by `fetch.py` to `~/research-cache/selfhst-survey/` (outside every repo; not committed).
+
+| Year | Data file | Bytes | SHA-256 | Matches the spec |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| 2023 | `https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selfhst/cdn/main/assets/surveys/annual/2023-results.json` | 10362 | `714350e5e4b8f3ccbc7ce8c1348122a9b7a4ae8167abaf2c051d3dcc9911f03f` | yes |
+| 2024 | `…/2024-results.json` | 14290 | `289c5161e5b6b5684ac6c751c16e73dd0dc42490c5c0d24517a6c1f891da4832` | yes |
+| 2025 | `…/2025-results.json` | 20428 | `e083094ad7f8cb6721f7059c6c73e8779273717bb3d4c1f14dbd744dc0d0229e` | yes |
+
+**Respondents.** 2025: **4,081**, stated as completed responses on `https://selfh.st/survey/2025-results/`.
+2023 and 2024 pages give only rounded numbers ("just shy of 1,900", "~3,700" — `https://selfh.st/survey/2023-results/`,
+`…/2024-results/`). The exact figures used, **1,869** and **3,655**, are the column sum of the first, mandatory,
+single-choice question (personal / enterprise / both). The same method gives exactly 4,081 for 2025.
+
+**Shapes.** 2023/2024: top-level `charts`, each with an `id`. 2025: `categories[].charts[]`, no `id`, five
+categories, 39 charts. Some 2025 charts carry a `commentary` field (not copied).
+
+**Percentages.** Multi-select charts: % of the year's respondents. Single-choice charts (marked in `TABLE.md`):
+% of the column sum, because the question went to a subset or not everyone answered. Favourite software is one
+answer per person but the chart drops small counts, so it is % of respondents.
+
+**Matching across years.** 2023/2024 by `id` (same titles). 2025 by question meaning, a hand-written map in
+`tables.py` (`MATCH_2025`); both titles are printed in every section. Answer labels mapped by hand where the
+wording changed (`ALIAS`, e.g. Yes → Deploy, Generic Linux → Linux, Docker - Individual → Container (Separate),
+2023 Paperless → Paperless-ngx, 2024 "Trilum" → Trilium); labels that differ only in case are merged and listed.
+
+**Unmatched (no same question in 2025):** 2023 offsite-backup yes/no (T40), 2023 Kubernetes (T41 — 2024/2025
+ask about any orchestration), 2023 media-streaming yes/no (T42), 2024 smart-home protocols (T43), 2024
+ActivityPub yes/no and platforms (T44, T45). 2025-only: Management Platforms, Authentication, Git.
+
+**Licence.** The results page shows no licence. The data repository `github.com/selfhst/cdn` is **MIT**
+(GitHub API `license.spdx_id = MIT`; `LICENSE` reads "MIT License, Copyright (c) 2025 selfh.st"). We commit no
+survey file and no survey prose; only our own counts derived from it, each cited to its URL.
+
+**Limits.** Hobby users, mostly technical (Technology career 80.6 %, T36), self-selected through the selfh.st
+newsletter and community, not households buying a service. Multi-select counts: a column passes 100 %. Open-text
+charts (favourites) omit small answers. **Country:** the JSON files carry no country data, but the **2024 results
+page has a country table** (HTML only, not in `tables.py`): United States 964, Germany 430 … **Hungary 19**.
+2023 and 2025 pages have none.
@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
+# selfh.st self-hosting survey 2023–2025 — tables
+
+Generated by `tables.py` from the files `fetch.py` downloads. Do not edit by hand.
+
+| Year | Respondents | Results page | Data file |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 2023 | 1,869 | https://selfh.st/survey/2023-results/ | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selfhst/cdn/main/assets/surveys/annual/2023-results.json |
+| 2024 | 3,655 | https://selfh.st/survey/2024-results/ | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selfhst/cdn/main/assets/surveys/annual/2024-results.json |
+| 2025 | 4,081 | https://selfh.st/survey/2025-results/ | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selfhst/cdn/main/assets/surveys/annual/2025-results.json |
+
+Values are **% of the year's respondents** (multi-select: a column can pass 100 %).
+Charts marked *single-choice* show **% of the column sum** instead.
+`2025 n` is the raw 2025 response count. `–` = not asked that year (or not matched).
+
+## T1. Primary Purpose
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you self-host for personal or enterprise purposes? · 2024: Do you self-host for personal or enterprise purposes? · 2025: Primary Purpose
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Personal | 83.4 | 83.1 | 83.7 | 3,417 |
+| Both | 16.2 | 16.6 | 16.1 | 656 |
+| Enterprise | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 8 |
+
+## T2. Unique Users
+
+Titles — 2023: Approximately how many unique users are registered across your applications? · 2024: Approximately how many unique users are registered across your applications? · 2025: Unique Users
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+Note: 2023 buckets 11-15 and 16-20 are kept apart; 2024/2025 ask 11-20.
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| 1 user | 22.1 | 20.9 | 27.6 | 1,123 |
+| 2 users | 23.1 | 25.5 | 21.0 | 854 |
+| 3 users | 12.5 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 513 |
+| 4 users | 10.3 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 401 |
+| 5 users | 10.7 | 10.3 | 8.5 | 346 |
+| 6 users | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.9 | 200 |
+| 7 users | 1.6 | 1.8 | 4.2 | 171 |
+| 8 users | 2.2 | 2.3 | 4.2 | 170 |
+| 9 users | 0.5 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 109 |
+| 10 users | 6.2 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 86 |
+| 11-20 users | – | 4.9 | 1.9 | 77 |
+| 21+ users | 2.1 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 19 |
+| 11-15 users | 2.6 | – | – | – |
+| 16-20 users | 2.0 | – | – | – |
+
+## T3. Reasons for Self-Hosting
+
+Titles — 2023: Why do you self-host? · 2024: Why do you self-host? · 2025: Reasons for Self-Hosting
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Hobby | 95.5 | 94.8 | 94.6 | 3,862 |
+| Privacy | 79.7 | 84.0 | 86.3 | 3,520 |
+| Cost | 54.6 | 56.7 | 63.6 | 2,596 |
+| Convenience | – | 55.0 | 63.3 | 2,584 |
+| Education | 83.0 | 63.9 | 60.6 | 2,474 |
+| Flexibility | 69.7 | 59.8 | 58.2 | 2,374 |
+| Business | 12.5 | 8.7 | 12.9 | 525 |
+| Other | 3.7 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 106 |
+
+## T4. Hardware Options
+
+Titles — 2023: Select the hardware option(s) used to deploy your self-hosted software. · 2024: Select the hardware option(s) used to deploy your self-hosted software. · 2025: Hardware Options
+
+Note: 2023 'Custom-built', 'Enterprise', 'Mobile phone' matched to the 2024/2025 wording.
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Consumer hardware | – | 45.8 | 57.8 | 2,358 |
+| Low-powered device | 52.7 | 54.7 | 50.0 | 2,039 |
+| Custom build | 43.8 | 35.5 | 37.8 | 1,542 |
+| Cloud VPS | – | 2.7 | 34.2 | 1,394 |
+| Desktop PC | 44.6 | 35.9 | 31.7 | 1,295 |
+| Enterprise hardware | 26.1 | 22.5 | 20.0 | 817 |
+| Server cluster | 15.8 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 560 |
+| Laptop | 12.8 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 429 |
+| Mobile device | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 94 |
+| Other | 7.7 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 78 |
+
+## T5. Network-Attached Storage
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you deploy a network-attached storage device? · 2024: Do you deploy a network-attached storage device? · 2025: Network-Attached Storage
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Deploy | 63.2 | 63.0 | 67.8 | 2,768 |
+| Don't Deploy | 36.8 | 37.0 | 32.2 | 1,313 |
+
+## T6. Sensitive Data
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you avoid self-hosting sensitive or important data? · 2024: Do you avoid self-hosting sensitive or important data? · 2025: Sensitive Data
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Don't Avoid | 77.2 | 82.8 | 82.7 | 3,373 |
+| Avoid | 22.8 | 17.2 | 17.3 | 708 |
+
+## T7. Operating Systems
+
+Titles — 2023: Which operating system(s) are installed on your server(s)? · 2024: Which operating system(s) are installed on your server(s)? · 2025: Operating Systems
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Linux | 79.5 | 86.7 | 81.3 | 3,317 |
+| Proxmox | 38.2 | 43.2 | 44.9 | 1,832 |
+| Home Assistant OS | – | 0.4 | 29.4 | 1,199 |
+| Raspberry Pi OS | 29.6 | 27.1 | 24.0 | 979 |
+| TrueNAS | 15.6 | 14.5 | 19.0 | 774 |
+| Unraid | 10.3 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 412 |
+| DiskStation Manager | – | 2.9 | 9.8 | 398 |
+| Windows Desktop | 11.6 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 373 |
+| Windows Server | 9.6 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 232 |
+| BSD | 4.9 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 229 |
+| Open Media Vault | – | 1.1 | 5.0 | 204 |
+| macOS | 3.2 | 3.5 | 4.9 | 199 |
+| ESXi | 5.4 | 3.1 | – | – |
+| XCP-ng | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| Other | 9.4 | 2.0 | 8.3 | 340 |
+
+## T8. Backup Strategies
+
+Titles — 2024: Which backup strategies have you deployed for your self-hosted data? · 2025: Backup Strategies
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Onsite | – | 79.2 | 74.8 | 3,054 |
+| Cloud | – | 52.7 | 51.5 | 2,100 |
+| Offsite | – | 23.6 | 25.2 | 1,029 |
+| None | – | 6.2 | 13.3 | 542 |
+| Other | – | – | 1.2 | 51 |
+
+## T9. Cloud Storage Providers
+
+Titles — 2023: Which cloud storage service(s) are you subscribed to for backups? · 2024: Which cloud storage service(s) are you subscribed to for backups? · 2025: Cloud Storage Providers
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Backblaze | 15.4 | 16.2 | 15.0 | 613 |
+| Google Drive | 11.7 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 514 |
+| Hetzner | – | 5.1 | 9.1 | 371 |
+| Microsoft OneDrive | 6.5 | 8.5 | 6.8 | 277 |
+| iCloud | – | 4.8 | 5.3 | 215 |
+| Proton Drive | – | 1.3 | 4.0 | 165 |
+| Dropbox | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 96 |
+| Cloudflare R2 | – | 0.6 | 1.7 | 70 |
+| BorgBase | – | 2.1 | 1.7 | 68 |
+| Mega | 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 63 |
+| pCloud | – | 0.8 | 1.2 | 51 |
+| iDrive | – | 0.9 | – | – |
+| Storj | – | 0.7 | – | – |
+| Veeam | – | 0.7 | – | – |
+| Box | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| CrashPlan | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| Wasabi | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| Amazon S3 | 4.5 | – | – | – |
+| Other | 18.0 | 6.3 | 23.1 | 942 |
+
+## T10. Container Population
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you use containers to deploy self-hosted software? · 2024: Do you use containers to deploy self-hosted software? · 2025: Container Population
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Deploy | 94.3 | 95.8 | 96.3 | 3,932 |
+| Don't Deploy | 5.7 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 149 |
+
+## T11. Containers vs Bare Metal
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you prefer container installations to bare metal? · 2024: Do you prefer container installations to bare metal? · 2025: Containers vs Bare Metal
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+Note: 2025 added a third answer (Depends); 2024 and 2025 asked only container users.
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Containers | 79.5 | 88.1 | 69.1 | 2,720 |
+| Depends | – | – | 26.5 | 1,041 |
+| Bare Metal | 20.5 | 11.9 | 4.4 | 174 |
+
+## T12. Container Orchestration
+
+Titles — 2024: Do you use an orchestration platform to deploy containers? · 2025: Container Orchestration
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| No | – | 75.0 | 76.9 | 3,024 |
+| Yes | – | 25.0 | 23.1 | 910 |
+
+## T13. Container Platforms
+
+Titles — 2023: Which container platform(s) do you use for deployment? · 2024: Which container platform(s) do you use for deployment? · 2025: Container Platforms
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Docker | 89.8 | 89.5 | 89.1 | 3,637 |
+| LXC | 27.3 | 29.1 | 30.8 | 1,256 |
+| Podman | 9.8 | 10.1 | 10.9 | 446 |
+| Other | 4.8 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 142 |
+
+## T14. Management Software
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you deploy management software to administer your containers? · 2024: Do you deploy management software to administer your containers? · 2025: Management Software
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Use | 49.7 | 54.6 | 51.5 | 2,022 |
+| Don't Use | 50.3 | 45.4 | 48.5 | 1,908 |
+
+## T15. Management Platforms
+
+Titles — 2025: Management Platforms
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Portainer | – | – | 32.7 | 1,336 |
+| Dockge | – | – | 10.4 | 425 |
+| Komodo | – | – | 7.5 | 308 |
+| Coolify | – | – | 1.5 | 60 |
+| Other | – | – | 9.4 | 385 |
+
+## T16. Update Methodology
+
+Titles — 2023: How do you manage container updates? · 2024: How do you manage container updates? · 2025: Update Methodology
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+Note: 2025 was deployed as multi-select by mistake (column sum 4,113 > 3,930 asked).
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Manual | 58.1 | 54.1 | 45.1 | 1,855 |
+| Depends / Both | – | 29.2 | 40.3 | 1,658 |
+| Automatic | 41.9 | 16.7 | 14.6 | 600 |
+
+## T17. Firewalls
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you deploy a firewall aside from the router provided by your ISP? · 2024: Do you deploy a firewall aside from the router provided by your ISP? · 2025: Firewalls
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Non-ISP | 55.9 | 51.7 | 58.7 | 2,393 |
+| ISP | 44.1 | 48.3 | 41.3 | 1,686 |
+
+## T18. Remote Access
+
+Titles — 2023: How do you access your self-hosted software remotely? · 2024: How do you access your self-hosted software remotely? · 2025: Remote Access
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| VPN | 68.2 | 77.0 | 71.1 | 2,902 |
+| Reverse Proxy | 65.9 | 62.9 | 66.6 | 2,716 |
+| Forwarded Ports | – | 23.0 | 17.7 | 721 |
+| Only via LAN | 17.5 | 14.2 | 12.5 | 510 |
+| Other | – | 0.5 | 6.7 | 273 |
+
+## T19. Reverse Proxies
+
+Titles — 2023: Which web server(s) do you deploy for proxied services? · 2024: Which web server(s) do you deploy for proxied services? · 2025: Reverse Proxies
+
+Merged spelling/case variants: 2023 'Nginx' = 'NGINX'
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| NGINX Proxy Manager | – | 31.1 | 20.6 | 842 |
+| Traefik | 21.3 | 24.1 | 18.4 | 751 |
+| Caddy | 10.9 | 18.1 | 14.7 | 598 |
+| Cloudflare Tunnels | 17.1 | 19.3 | 13.8 | 563 |
+| NGINX | 50.1 | 28.3 | 12.9 | 528 |
+| Pangolin | – | – | 7.1 | 290 |
+| HAProxy | 5.4 | 5.0 | 3.1 | 128 |
+| Apache | 6.6 | 8.5 | 2.4 | 97 |
+| SWAG | – | 4.2 | 2.3 | 95 |
+| Zoraxy | – | 0.7 | – | – |
+| Other | 4.0 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 131 |
+
+## T20. Registered Domains
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you utilize a custom domain for your self-hosted applications? · 2024: Do you utilize a custom domain for your self-hosted applications? · 2025: Registered Domains
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Custom Domain | 85.7 | 88.8 | 87.9 | 3,586 |
+| No Domain | 14.3 | 11.2 | 12.1 | 495 |
+
+## T21. Domain Registrars
+
+Titles — 2023: Which registrar(s) do you purchase or lease your custom domains from? · 2024: Which registrar(s) do you purchase or lease your custom domains from? · 2025: Domain Registrars
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Cloudflare | 19.1 | 30.3 | 34.9 | 1,423 |
+| Namecheap | 13.1 | 18.5 | 16.0 | 651 |
+| Porkbun | 6.8 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 523 |
+| OVH | 3.0 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 246 |
+| GoDaddy | 2.5 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 124 |
+| DuckDNS | 1.4 | 5.3 | 2.8 | 113 |
+| Squarespace | – | – | 2.4 | 97 |
+| Netcup | – | 1.8 | 2.1 | 85 |
+| IONOS | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 84 |
+| Hetzner | 0.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 82 |
+| Gandi | 2.0 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 62 |
+| Strato | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 57 |
+| Google Domains | 4.3 | 3.3 | – | – |
+| Hover | 0.9 | 1.2 | – | – |
+| INWX | 0.7 | 1.1 | – | – |
+| NameSilo | 0.8 | 1.0 | – | – |
+| DreamHost | – | 0.7 | – | – |
+| Other | 15.3 | 17.8 | 21.1 | 863 |
+
+## T22. E-mail
+
+Titles — 2023: Are you self-hosting any components of an e-mail server? · 2024: Are you self-hosting any components of an e-mail server? · 2025: E-mail
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Don't Self-Host | 85.7 | 83.8 | 86.2 | 3,516 |
+| Self-Host | 14.3 | 16.2 | 13.8 | 562 |
+
+## T23. E-mail Components
+
+Titles — 2024: Which e-mail server components are you self-hosting? · 2025: E-mail Components
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Sending | – | 14.6 | 11.8 | 482 |
+| Receiving | – | 13.4 | 11.5 | 469 |
+| Client | – | 9.7 | 8.1 | 331 |
+
+## T24. Database Deployment
+
+Titles — 2023: How do you deploy databases for self-hosted applications? · 2024: How do you deploy databases for self-hosted applications? · 2025: Database Deployment
+
+Note: Single-choice in 2023/2024, multi-select in 2025 (sum 5,004): % of respondents.
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Container (Separate) | 62.1 | 70.8 | 84.0 | 3,430 |
+| Container (Shared) | 15.7 | 15.1 | 21.6 | 883 |
+| Bare Metal (Shared) | 6.7 | 7.6 | 8.6 | 349 |
+| Bare Metal (Separate) | 9.3 | 6.5 | 8.4 | 342 |
+
+## T25. Media Streaming
+
+Titles — 2023: Which of the platforms below do you deploy to stream media content? · 2024: Which of the platforms below do you deploy to stream media content? · 2025: Media Streaming
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Jellyfin | 46.1 | 53.9 | 60.9 | 2,487 |
+| Plex | 39.5 | 35.0 | 29.9 | 1,219 |
+| AudioBookshelf | – | 18.4 | 20.6 | 840 |
+| Navidrome | – | 13.6 | 16.1 | 656 |
+| Kodi | 6.5 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 237 |
+| Emby | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 149 |
+| Subsonic | – | 2.7 | 2.0 | 81 |
+| PeerTube | – | 2.1 | 1.8 | 74 |
+| Lightweight Music Server | – | 0.8 | – | – |
+| Ampache | – | 0.6 | – | – |
+| Other | 6.7 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 268 |
+
+## T26. File Storage and Syncing
+
+Titles — 2024: Which of the platforms below do you deploy for remote file storage, access, or syncing? · 2025: File Storage and Syncing
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Nextcloud | – | 35.8 | 30.3 | 1,236 |
+| Syncthing | – | 29.5 | 25.9 | 1,058 |
+| Synology | – | 2.8 | 13.5 | 550 |
+| FileBrowser | – | 13.5 | 11.8 | 481 |
+| FileBrowser Quantum | – | – | 5.1 | 207 |
+| Seafile | – | 3.2 | 2.9 | 118 |
+| SFTPGo | – | 0.6 | 2.2 | 90 |
+| ownCloud | – | 2.3 | 2.0 | 83 |
+| Resilio | – | 0.5 | 1.3 | 53 |
+| FileStash | – | 0.8 | – | – |
+| FileRun | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| Other | – | 5.3 | 12.0 | 488 |
+
+## T27. Authentication
+
+Titles — 2025: Authentication
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Authelia | – | – | 9.6 | 390 |
+| Pocket ID | – | – | 7.6 | 310 |
+| authentik | – | – | 6.6 | 268 |
+| Pangolin | – | – | 5.9 | 241 |
+| Keycloak | – | – | 3.9 | 158 |
+| Tinyauth | – | – | 2.7 | 111 |
+| Zitadel | – | – | 1.1 | 46 |
+| Other | – | – | 18.1 | 737 |
+
+## T28. Note-Taking / Documentation
+
+Titles — 2024: Which of the platforms below do you deploy for documentation or note-taking? · 2025: Note-Taking / Documentation
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Obsidian | – | 18.8 | 25.5 | 1,041 |
+| Nextcloud Notes | – | 10.4 | 7.9 | 321 |
+| BookStack | – | 11.1 | 7.4 | 303 |
+| Joplin | – | 8.2 | 6.6 | 268 |
+| Trilium | – | 5.1 | 4.5 | 182 |
+| Memos | – | 4.9 | 4.1 | 167 |
+| Wiki.js | – | 5.8 | 3.8 | 156 |
+| Docmost | – | 2.1 | 3.5 | 141 |
+| Outline | – | 3.1 | 3.2 | 132 |
+| AFFiNE | – | 1.5 | 2.5 | 101 |
+| SilverBullet | – | 1.7 | 2.4 | 99 |
+| DokuWiki | – | 3.5 | 2.3 | 93 |
+| Logseq | – | 3.1 | 2.2 | 89 |
+| MkDocs | – | 0.5 | 1.8 | 75 |
+| HedgeDoc | – | 1.9 | – | – |
+| StandardNotes | – | 1.0 | – | – |
+| AppFlowy | – | 0.9 | – | – |
+| AnyType | – | 0.9 | – | – |
+| Docusaurus | – | 0.9 | – | – |
+| TiddlyWiki | – | 0.8 | – | – |
+| MediaWiki | – | 0.6 | – | – |
+| SiYuan | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| FlatNotes | – | 0.4 | – | – |
+| XWiki | – | 0.3 | – | – |
+| Other | – | 3.4 | 13.9 | 568 |
+
+## T29. Git
+
+Titles — 2025: Git
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Gitea | – | – | 20.8 | 849 |
+| Forgejo | – | – | 15.0 | 613 |
+| GitLab | – | – | 7.4 | 302 |
+| Gogs | – | – | 0.4 | 18 |
+| Other | – | – | 2.5 | 101 |
+
+## T30. Home Automation
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you deploy any self-hosted software for smart home or home automation purposes? · 2024: Do you deploy any self-hosted software for smart home or home automation purposes? · 2025: Home Automation
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Deploy | 56.5 | 59.8 | 62.7 | 2,548 |
+| Don't Deploy | 43.5 | 40.2 | 37.3 | 1,516 |
+
+## T31. Game Servers
+
+Titles — 2023: Are you self-hosting any game servers? · 2024: Are you self-hosting any game servers? · 2025: Game Servers
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Don't Host | 62.8 | 67.6 | 67.8 | 2,765 |
+| Host | 37.2 | 32.4 | 32.2 | 1,316 |
+
+## T32. Games
+
+Titles — 2024: List the games you're deploying a game server for. · 2025: Games
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Minecraft | – | 24.9 | 25.5 | 1,041 |
+| Valheim | – | 3.3 | 5.2 | 214 |
+| Satisfactory | – | 4.3 | 5.2 | 212 |
+| Factorio | – | 3.2 | 5.1 | 208 |
+| Terraria | – | 2.1 | 4.0 | 163 |
+| Palworld | – | 2.1 | 3.2 | 131 |
+| Foundry VTT | – | 0.4 | 2.6 | 107 |
+| Project Zomboid | – | 1.1 | 2.1 | 84 |
+| 7 Days to Die | – | 1.1 | 1.7 | 69 |
+| ARK | – | 0.9 | 1.7 | 68 |
+| V Rising | – | 0.8 | 1.6 | 66 |
+| Counter-Strike | – | 0.9 | 1.5 | 60 |
+| Space Engineers | – | 0.5 | 1.3 | 53 |
+| Arma | – | 0.9 | – | – |
+| Minetest | – | 0.6 | – | – |
+| Enshrouded | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| Assetto Corsa | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| Vintage Story | – | 0.3 | – | – |
+| Other | – | 7.9 | 7.7 | 315 |
+
+## T33. Favorite Software
+
+Titles — 2023: What is your favorite self-hosted application? · 2024: What is your favorite self-hosted application? · 2025: Favorite Software
+
+Note: One answer per person, open text; each year omits small counts, so % is of all respondents. 2023 'Paperless' matched to 'Paperless-ngx'; 2024 'Trilum' read as Trilium.
+
+Merged spelling/case variants: 2024 'AudioBookshelf' = 'Audiobookshelf'; 2024 'Pi-Hole' = 'Pi-hole'
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Home Assistant | 12.4 | 12.6 | 14.4 | 588 |
+| Jellyfin | 10.4 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 522 |
+| Immich | 2.2 | 7.5 | 10.5 | 429 |
+| Plex | 8.9 | 8.8 | 5.1 | 208 |
+| Vaultwarden | 7.9 | 5.8 | 3.7 | 152 |
+| Nextcloud | 7.7 | 4.6 | 2.9 | 118 |
+| Audiobookshelf | 1.1 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 94 |
+| Paperless-ngx | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 85 |
+| *arr | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 81 |
+| FreshRSS | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 52 |
+| Pi-hole | 2.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 50 |
+| Actual Budget | – | 0.8 | 1.0 | 42 |
+| Navidrome | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 41 |
+| RomM | – | – | 1.0 | 41 |
+| Syncthing | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 32 |
+| Homepage | – | 0.9 | 0.7 | 29 |
+| Mealie | – | 0.6 | 0.7 | 29 |
+| n8n | – | 0.4 | 0.7 | 29 |
+| Gitea | 2.0 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 28 |
+| Miniflux | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 27 |
+| Emby | – | 0.7 | 0.6 | 26 |
+| Proxmox | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 25 |
+| Pangolin | – | – | 0.6 | 25 |
+| Glance | – | – | 0.6 | 24 |
+| Karakeep | – | – | 0.5 | 22 |
+| Komodo | – | – | 0.5 | 22 |
+| AdGuard Home | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 20 |
+| Forgejo | – | 0.9 | – | – |
+| Authentik | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| GitLab | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| Matrix | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| Firefly III | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| Uptime Kuma | – | 0.4 | – | – |
+| Frigate NVR | – | 0.4 | – | – |
+| Tiny Tiny RSS | – | 0.4 | – | – |
+| Trilium | – | 0.4 | – | – |
+| BookStack | 0.8 | – | – | – |
+| Portainer | 0.7 | – | – | – |
+| Grafana | 0.6 | – | – | – |
+| Authelia | 0.6 | – | – | – |
+
+## T34. Age Range
+
+Titles — 2023: What is your age range? · 2024: What is your age range? · 2025: Age Range
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+Note: 2023/2024 bucket 10-19 matched to 2025 12-19.
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| 30-39 years-old | 37.5 | 38.3 | 37.8 | 1,532 |
+| 20-29 years-old | 34.8 | 31.5 | 29.9 | 1,210 |
+| 40-49 years-old | 16.7 | 19.5 | 20.8 | 844 |
+| 50-59 years-old | 4.6 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 287 |
+| 12-19 years-old | 5.8 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 125 |
+| 60-69 years-old | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 53 |
+
+## T35. Gender
+
+Titles — 2023: What is your gender? · 2024: What is your gender? · 2025: Gender
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Male | 96.2 | 95.6 | 95.6 | 3,839 |
+| Female | 2.5 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 77 |
+| Non-Binary | – | 1.8 | 1.9 | 77 |
+| Other | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 21 |
+
+## T36. Career Field
+
+Titles — 2023: If employed, do you work in a technical field? · 2024: If employed, do you work in a technical field? · 2025: Career Field
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Technology | 79.2 | 81.8 | 80.6 | 3,227 |
+| Non-Technology | 20.8 | 18.2 | 19.4 | 778 |
+
+## T37. Mobile OS
+
+Titles — 2023: What is your primary mobile device's operating system? · 2024: What is your primary mobile device's operating system? · 2025: Mobile OS
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Android | 70.5 | 67.0 | 66.7 | 2,715 |
+| iOS | 28.1 | 31.6 | 31.8 | 1,295 |
+| GrapheneOS | – | 0.7 | – | – |
+| Other | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 62 |
+
+## T38. Donations
+
+Titles — 2023: Have you donated to a self-hosted project in the last year? · 2024: Have you donated to a self-hosted project in the last year? · 2025: Donations
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Haven't Donated | 61.8 | 60.0 | 59.1 | 2,393 |
+| Donated | 31.9 | 40.0 | 40.9 | 1,657 |
+| Prefer not to answer | 6.3 | – | – | – |
+
+## T39. Education
+
+Titles — 2023: What is the highest level of education you have completed? · 2024: What is the highest level of education you have completed? · 2025: Education
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Bachelor's Degree | 40.3 | 39.0 | 40.7 | 1,607 |
+| Master's Degree | 19.7 | 21.6 | 22.6 | 893 |
+| Some college | 17.3 | 15.9 | 16.6 | 655 |
+| HS Diploma / GED | 12.3 | 11.7 | 7.4 | 293 |
+| Associate's Degree | 1.5 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 221 |
+| Doctorate | 2.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 122 |
+| No formal schooling | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 109 |
+| VoTech Program | 5.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 46 |
+
+# Unmatched charts (asked in 2023 and/or 2024, no same question in 2025)
+
+## T40. Are you utilizing hosted cloud storage for offsite backups?
+
+Titles — 2023: Are you utilizing hosted cloud storage for offsite backups?
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| No | 53.9 | – | – | – |
+| Yes | 46.1 | – | – | – |
+
+## T41. Do you deploy Kubernetes to manage your self-hosted software?
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you deploy Kubernetes to manage your self-hosted software?
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| No | 89.6 | – | – | – |
+| Yes | 10.4 | – | – | – |
+
+## T42. Do you deploy any self-hosted software for purposes related to media streaming?
+
+Titles — 2023: Do you deploy any self-hosted software for purposes related to media streaming?
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Yes | 81.6 | – | – | – |
+| No | 18.4 | – | – | – |
+
+## T43. Which smart home communication standards and protocols are you utilizing in your self-hosted ecosystem?
+
+Titles — 2024: Which smart home communication standards and protocols are you utilizing in your self-hosted ecosystem?
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| WiFi | – | 52.1 | – | – |
+| Zigbee | – | 38.5 | – | – |
+| MQTT | – | 32.7 | – | – |
+| Bluetooth | – | 22.7 | – | – |
+| ESP | – | 19.5 | – | – |
+| Z-Wave | – | 12.0 | – | – |
+| Matter | – | 9.9 | – | – |
+| NFC | – | 7.4 | – | – |
+| Thread | – | 6.2 | – | – |
+| Other | – | 0.6 | – | – |
+
+## T44. Do you deploy any self-hosted ActivityPub platforms?
+
+Titles — 2024: Do you deploy any self-hosted ActivityPub platforms?
+
+*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| No | – | 90.2 | – | – |
+| Yes | – | 9.8 | – | – |
+
+## T45. Which ActivityPub platform(s) do you deploy?
+
+Titles — 2024: Which ActivityPub platform(s) do you deploy?
+
+| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Mastodon | – | 3.2 | – | – |
+| PeerTube | – | 1.1 | – | – |
+| Lemmy | – | 1.0 | – | – |
+| GoToSocial | – | 0.7 | – | – |
+| Pixelfed | – | 0.5 | – | – |
+| Akkoma | – | 0.2 | – | – |
+| Other | – | 1.3 | – | – |
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Download the selfh.st annual survey results (2023-2025) to a cache outside every repo.
+
+Prints bytes and SHA-256 for each file. The files are not committed (spec §9.2).
+"""
+import hashlib
+import os
+import sys
+import urllib.request
+
+BASE = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selfhst/cdn/main/assets/surveys/annual/{}-results.json"
+CACHE = os.path.expanduser("~/research-cache/selfhst-survey")
+# Prefixes/suffixes of the hashes the reviewer recorded on 2026-10-12.
+EXPECTED = {
+    2023: ("714350e5e4b8f3cc", "f03f", 10362),
+    2024: ("289c5161e5b6b568", "4832", 14290),
+    2025: ("e083094ad7f8cb67", "229e", 20428),
+}
+
+
+def main():
+    os.makedirs(CACHE, exist_ok=True)
+    rc = 0
+    for year, (pre, suf, size) in EXPECTED.items():
+        url = BASE.format(year)
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=30) as r:
+                data = r.read()
+        except Exception as e:  # continue with the years that can be read (spec §13)
+            print(f"{year} FETCH FAILED {url}: {e}")
+            rc = 1
+            continue
+        with open(os.path.join(CACHE, f"{year}-results.json"), "wb") as f:
+            f.write(data)
+        h = hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()
+        ok = h.startswith(pre) and h.endswith(suf) and len(data) == size
+        print(f"{year} bytes={len(data)} sha256={h} {'MATCH' if ok else 'DIFFERS from spec'}")
+    return rc
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Build TABLE.md from the cached selfh.st survey results (2023-2025).
+
+Reads ~/research-cache/selfhst-survey/<year>-results.json (written by fetch.py).
+Writes TABLE.md next to this script. Stdlib only.
+
+Percent rule (spec §1, §8):
+- multi-select charts: % of the year's respondent count;
+- single-choice charts (marked "single"): % of the column sum, because the
+  question was asked to a subset or answered by fewer than all respondents.
+"""
+import json
+import os
+
+CACHE = os.path.expanduser("~/research-cache/selfhst-survey")
+OUT = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), "TABLE.md")
+YEARS = (2023, 2024, 2025)
+PAGE = "https://selfh.st/survey/{}-results/"
+DATA = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selfhst/cdn/main/assets/surveys/annual/{}-results.json"
+
+# Respondent count per year. 2025: the results page states 4,081 completed responses.
+# 2023/2024: the pages give only rounded numbers ("just shy of 1,900", "~3,700"); the exact
+# figure is the column sum of the first, mandatory, single-choice question (Primary Purpose),
+# which is 4,081 in 2025 too - the same method reproduces the stated 2025 number.
+RESPONDENTS = {2023: 1869, 2024: 3655, 2025: 4081}
+
+# 2025 title -> the 2023/2024 chart id it asks the same question as. None = 2025 only.
+MATCH_2025 = {
+    "Primary Purpose": "personal-enterprise",
+    "Unique Users": "unique-users",
+    "Reasons for Self-Hosting": "why-self-host",
+    "Hardware Options": "hardware",
+    "Network-Attached Storage": "deploy-nas",
+    "Sensitive Data": "sensitive-data",
+    "Operating Systems": "operating-system",
+    "Backup Strategies": "backup-strategy",
+    "Cloud Storage Providers": "backup-cloud",
+    "Container Population": "deploy-containers",
+    "Containers vs Bare Metal": "prefer-containers",
+    # 2023 asked about Kubernetes only, 2024/2025 about any orchestration: 2023 kept separate.
+    "Container Orchestration": "orchestration-platform",
+    "Container Platforms": "container-platform",
+    "Management Software": "container-manager",
+    "Management Platforms": None,
+    "Update Methodology": "container-updates",
+    "Firewalls": "deploy-firewall",
+    "Remote Access": "remote-access",
+    "Reverse Proxies": "web-server",
+    "Registered Domains": "custom-domain",
+    "Domain Registrars": "domain-registrar",
+    "E-mail": "email-server",
+    "E-mail Components": "email-components",
+    "Database Deployment": "deploy-database",
+    "Media Streaming": "media-server",
+    "File Storage and Syncing": "file-sync",
+    "Authentication": None,
+    "Note-Taking / Documentation": "documentation-notes",
+    "Git": None,
+    "Home Automation": "smart-home",
+    "Game Servers": "deploy-game",
+    "Games": "game-server",
+    "Favorite Software": "favorite-app",
+    "Age Range": "age-range",
+    "Gender": "gender",
+    "Career Field": "employment-field",
+    "Mobile OS": "mobile-os",
+    "Donations": "donate-project",
+    "Education": "education-level",
+}
+# 2023's Kubernetes question differs from the later orchestration question.
+NOT_MATCHED_2023 = {"orchestration-platform"}
+
+# Single-choice charts -> % of column sum. Keyed by 2023/2024 id (or 2025 title when 2025-only).
+SINGLE = {
+    "personal-enterprise", "unique-users", "deploy-nas", "sensitive-data", "offsite-backups",
+    "deploy-containers", "prefer-containers", "orchestration-platform", "container-manager",
+    "container-updates", "deploy-firewall", "custom-domain", "email-server", "stream-media",
+    "smart-home", "deploy-game", "host-activitypub", "age-range", "gender", "employment-field",
+    "mobile-os", "donate-project", "education-level",
+}
+
+# Old label -> 2025 label, per chart, where the wording changed but the answer is the same.
+# Labels that differ only in case are merged automatically (and listed in the output).
+ALIAS = {
+    "deploy-nas": {"Yes": "Deploy", "No": "Don't Deploy"},
+    "sensitive-data": {"Yes": "Avoid", "No": "Don't Avoid"},
+    "deploy-containers": {"Yes": "Deploy", "No": "Don't Deploy"},
+    "prefer-containers": {"Yes": "Containers", "No": "Bare Metal"},
+    "container-manager": {"Yes": "Use", "No": "Don't Use"},
+    "container-updates": {"Both": "Depends / Both"},
+    "deploy-firewall": {"Yes": "Non-ISP", "No": "ISP"},
+    "custom-domain": {"Yes": "Custom Domain", "No": "No Domain"},
+    "email-server": {"Yes": "Self-Host", "No": "Don't Self-Host"},
+    "smart-home": {"Yes": "Deploy", "No": "Don't Deploy"},
+    "deploy-game": {"Yes": "Host", "No": "Don't Host"},
+    "employment-field": {"Yes": "Technology", "No": "Non-Technology"},
+    "donate-project": {"Yes": "Donated", "No": "Haven't Donated"},
+    "gender": {"Man": "Male", "Woman": "Female"},
+    "education-level": {"Some college, no degree": "Some college"},
+    "age-range": {"10-19 years-old": "12-19 years-old"},
+    "operating-system": {"Generic Linux": "Linux"},
+    "hardware": {"Custom-built": "Custom build", "Enterprise": "Enterprise hardware",
+                 "Mobile phone": "Mobile device"},
+    "deploy-database": {"Docker - Individual": "Container (Separate)",
+                        "Docker - Shared": "Container (Shared)",
+                        "Bare Metal - Individual": "Bare Metal (Separate)",
+                        "Bare Metal - Shared": "Bare Metal (Shared)"},
+    "favorite-app": {"Paperless": "Paperless-ngx", "*arr Stack": "*arr", "Trilum": "Trilium"},
+}
+# Notes printed under a section heading.
+NOTES = {
+    "unique-users": "2023 buckets 11-15 and 16-20 are kept apart; 2024/2025 ask 11-20.",
+    "prefer-containers": "2025 added a third answer (Depends); 2024 and 2025 asked only container users.",
+    "container-updates": "2025 was deployed as multi-select by mistake (column sum 4,113 > 3,930 asked).",
+    "age-range": "2023/2024 bucket 10-19 matched to 2025 12-19.",
+    "favorite-app": ("One answer per person, open text; each year omits small counts, so % is of all "
+                     "respondents. 2023 'Paperless' matched to 'Paperless-ngx'; 2024 'Trilum' read as Trilium."),
+    "deploy-database": "Single-choice in 2023/2024, multi-select in 2025 (sum 5,004): % of respondents.",
+    "hardware": "2023 'Custom-built', 'Enterprise', 'Mobile phone' matched to the 2024/2025 wording.",
+}
+
+
+def charts_of(year):
+    path = os.path.join(CACHE, f"{year}-results.json")
+    if not os.path.exists(path):
+        return None
+    with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        d = json.load(f)
+    if "charts" in d:
+        return d["charts"]
+    return [c for cat in d["categories"] for c in cat["charts"]]
+
+
+def series(chart, alias):
+    out, merged = {}, []
+    canon = {}
+    for lab, val in zip(chart["labels"], chart["datasets"][0]["data"]):
+        lab = alias.get(lab, lab)
+        key = lab.lower()
+        if key in canon and canon[key] != lab:
+            merged.append(f"{lab} = {canon[key]}")
+        canon.setdefault(key, lab)
+        out[key] = out.get(key, 0) + val
+    return out, canon, merged
+
+
+def pct(v, denom):
+    return f"{100.0 * v / denom:.1f}" if denom else "–"
+
+
+def main():
+    per_year = {y: charts_of(y) for y in YEARS}
+    missing = [y for y in YEARS if per_year[y] is None]
+    by_id = {y: {c["id"]: c for c in (per_year[y] or [])} for y in (2023, 2024)}
+
+    # Build the section list: 2025 order first, then the 2023/2024 charts nobody matched.
+    sections = []
+    used = {2023: set(), 2024: set()}
+    for c25 in per_year[2025] or []:
+        cid = MATCH_2025.get(c25["title"])
+        c23 = by_id[2023].get(cid) if cid and cid not in NOT_MATCHED_2023 else None
+        c24 = by_id[2024].get(cid) if cid else None
+        for y, c in ((2023, c23), (2024, c24)):
+            if c:
+                used[y].add(c["id"])
+        sections.append({"key": cid or c25["title"], "charts": {2023: c23, 2024: c24, 2025: c25}})
+    unmatched = []
+    for cid in list(by_id[2023]) + [i for i in by_id[2024] if i not in by_id[2023]]:
+        c23 = by_id[2023].get(cid) if cid not in used[2023] else None
+        c24 = by_id[2024].get(cid) if cid not in used[2024] else None
+        if c23 or c24:
+            unmatched.append({"key": cid, "charts": {2023: c23, 2024: c24, 2025: None}})
+
+    L = ["# selfh.st self-hosting survey 2023–2025 — tables", "",
+         "Generated by `tables.py` from the files `fetch.py` downloads. Do not edit by hand.", "",
+         "| Year | Respondents | Results page | Data file |", "|---|---|---|---|"]
+    for y in YEARS:
+        L.append(f"| {y} | {RESPONDENTS[y]:,} | {PAGE.format(y)} | {DATA.format(y)} |")
+    L += ["", "Values are **% of the year's respondents** (multi-select: a column can pass 100 %).",
+          "Charts marked *single-choice* show **% of the column sum** instead.",
+          "`2025 n` is the raw 2025 response count. `–` = not asked that year (or not matched).", ""]
+    if missing:
+        L.append(f"**Missing years (download failed): {missing}.**\n")
+
+    def emit(num, sec, section_list_name):
+        ch = sec["charts"]
+        key = sec["key"]
+        single = key in SINGLE
+        alias = ALIAS.get(key, {})
+        titles = [f"{y}: {ch[y]['title']}" for y in YEARS if ch[y]]
+        rows, canon_all, merged_all, denom = {}, {}, [], {}
+        for y in reversed(YEARS):  # 2025 first, so its spelling is the shown label
+            if not ch[y]:
+                continue
+            s, canon, merged = series(ch[y], alias)
+            merged_all += merged
+            for k, v in canon.items():
+                if k in canon_all and canon_all[k] != v:
+                    merged_all.append(f"{y} '{v}' = '{canon_all[k]}'")
+                canon_all.setdefault(k, v)
+            denom[y] = sum(s.values()) if single else RESPONDENTS[y]
+            for k, v in s.items():
+                rows.setdefault(k, {})[y] = v
+        L.append(f"## T{num}. {ch[2025]['title'] if ch[2025] else ch[2024]['title'] if ch[2024] else ch[2023]['title']}")
+        L.append("")
+        L.append("Titles — " + " · ".join(titles))
+        L.append("")
+        if single:
+            L.append("*Single-choice: % of the column sum.*")
+            L.append("")
+        if key in NOTES:
+            L.append(f"Note: {NOTES[key]}")
+            L.append("")
+        if merged_all:
+            L.append("Merged spelling/case variants: " + "; ".join(sorted(set(merged_all))))
+            L.append("")
+        L.append("| label | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 n |")
+        L.append("|---|---|---|---|---|")
+
+        def sortkey(k):
+            r = rows[k]
+            return (k == "other", -r.get(2025, -1), -r.get(2024, -1), -r.get(2023, -1))
+        for k in sorted(rows, key=sortkey):
+            r = rows[k]
+            cells = [pct(r[y], denom[y]) if y in r else "–" for y in YEARS]
+            n = f"{r[2025]:,}" if 2025 in r else "–"
+            L.append(f"| {canon_all[k]} | {' | '.join(cells)} | {n} |")
+        L.append("")
+
+    n = 0
+    for sec in sections:
+        n += 1
+        emit(n, sec, "matched")
+    L += ["# Unmatched charts (asked in 2023 and/or 2024, no same question in 2025)", ""]
+    for sec in unmatched:
+        n += 1
+        emit(n, sec, "unmatched")
+
+    with open(OUT, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        f.write("\n".join(L).rstrip() + "\n")
+    print(f"wrote {OUT}: {n} sections ({len(sections)} from 2025, {len(unmatched)} unmatched)")
+    return 1 if missing else 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())